Most Asked Interview Questions on Networking Protocols
Prepare for your next networking interview with our expert guide to the most asked interview questions on networking protocols. Gain insights into TCP/IP, DNS, HTTP, and more, and equip yourself with in-depth knowledge to ace your interviews.
Routing Information Protocol (RIP)
Q1) What is RIP?
RIP (Routing Information Protocol) is a distance vector routing protocol used to exchange routing information in autonomous systems.
Q2) What versions of RIP are there and what are the differences between them?
There are two versions of RIP: RIP version 1 (RIPv1) and RIP version 2 (RIPv2).
RIPv2 supports Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR), Variable Length Subnet Masking (VLSM), and route analysis, which RIPv1 does not support.
Q3) How does RIP prevent routing loops?
RIP prevents routing loops by enforcing a maximum number of hops for routing (15 hops). If a route exceeds this number, the route is considered unreachable.
Q4) What is the maximum number in RIP?
The maximum number of hops in RIP is 15.
Q5) How does RIP broadcast routing information?
RIP broadcasts routing information by broadcasting its information to all neighboring routers every 30 seconds.
Q6) What are the disadvantages of using RIP?
RIP’s integration time is slow; its capacity is limited and it does not support integration.
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Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)
Q1) What is OSPF?
OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) is a link state policy used to determine the best path to the destination based on the shortest path algorithm.
Q2) How does OSPF determine the best path to the target?
OSPF determines the best route to the destination based on the value assigned to each link. Choosing the cheapest way is the best way.
Q3) What is the OSPF network type?
OSPF supports many connection types, including point-to-point, broadcast, non-broadcast multiple access (NBMA), and point-to-multipoint.
Q4) What is OSPF and why is it used?
OSPF area is a group of routers in the OSPF autonomous system. They are used to reduce the size of the connection state database and improve
scalability.
Q5) What is the purpose of the OSPF hello protocol?
The OSPF hello protocol is used to establish and maintain neighbor relationships between OSPF routers.
Q6) How does OSPF prevent routing loops?
OSPF uses a hierarchical design model to divide the network into areas and use routers (DR) and backup select routers (BDR) in the broadcast
environment.
Q7) What is the difference between OSPFv2 and OSPFv3?
OSPFv2 is used for IPv4 networks while OSPFv3 is used for IPv6 networks. OSPFv3 supports IPv6 addresses and uses IPv6 multicast addresses for OSPF communication.
Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)
Q1) What is EIGRP?
EIGRP (Evolved Interior Gateway Routing Protocol) is a decision distance vector routing protocol developed by Cisco.
Q2) What is the difference between EIGRP and other protocols?
EIGRP uses a better performance Diffusion update algorithm (DUAL) to support fast convergence, unequal distribution, aggregation, and other features.
Q3) What is the importance of EIGRP?
EIGRP’s key features include fast convergence, support for multiple network protocols, and compatibility with existing routing protocols.
Q4) What are EIGRP metrics and how are they calculated?
EIGRP uses composite metrics. This measurement is based on bandwidth, latency, reliability, payload, and MTU (Maximum Transmission Unit).
Q5) How quickly does EIGRP reach convergence?
EIGRP provides fast convergence and adapts to network changes thanks to features such as DUAL, update, and partial update.
Q6) What is the EIGRP neighbor relationship?
EIGRP neighbor relationships are created by adjacent routers and are used to share Routing information and control meetings.
Access Control Lists (ACL)
Q1) What is ACL?
ACL (Access Control List) is a set of settings on the router or switch to control traffic based on criteria such as location and IP address, methods, and boat-stopping settings.
Q2) What is the difference between standard ACL and extended ACL?
Standard ACLs filter traffic by IP address only, while extended ACLs can filter by source and destination IP address, protocol, and port.
Q3) How do ACLs filter traffic?
ACLs filter traffic by matching packets to the conditions specified in the ACL rules and allow or deny packets based on the match.
Q4) What are the types of ACLs?
ACLs can be applied to an incoming or outgoing interface. Incoming ACLs filter traffic entering the interface, while outgoing ACLs filter traffic leaving the interface.
Q5) What are the rejected clauses in the ACL?
A deny statement in the ACL denies all traffic that does not match the allow statement in the ACL.
Q6) How do ACLs affect router performance?
ACLs can impact router performance, especially when configuring complex policies or handling high traffic. Proper design and optimization are important to reduce performance.
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Network Address Translation (NAT)
Q1) What is NAT?
NAT (Network Address Translation) is a device used to modify network address information in packet headers during transmission to allow multiple devices on a private network to share an IP address.
Q2) How does NAT work?
NAT works by mapping an IP address to a public IP address and vice versa, allowing devices on the private network to communicate with devices on the public Internet.
Q3) What type of NAT is there?
NAT types include static NAT, dynamic NAT , and NAT overload (PAT – Address Translation).
Q4) What is the purpose of NAT?
Purpose The purpose of NAT is to record the public IP address and increase network security by hiding the network structure from outside the network.
Q5) How does NAT affect network security?
NAT increases network security by providing isolation between internal and external connections, making it difficult for attackers to directly access internal devices.
Q6) What is Pat Address Translation (PAT)?
PAT (Port Address Translation) is a type of NAT that maps multiple IP addresses into a single IP address by using different ports to identify each connection.
Virtual LANs (VLAN)
Q1) What is VLAN?
VLAN (Virtual LAN) is a combination of network devices that communicate as if they were on the same physical network segment, regardless of their physical location.
Q2) How do VLANs improve network performance and security?
VLANs improve network performance by reducing the size of broadcast traffic, thus reducing unnecessary traffic. They increase security by isolating traffic between VLANs and preventing unauthorized access.
Q3) What are the VLAN types?
VLAN types include default VLAN, data VLAN, management VLAN, and voice VLAN.
Q4) How does VLAN tagging work?
VLAN tagging adds a VLAN tag to each Ethernet frame to indicate which VLAN the frame belongs to. This allows the switch to be correctly identified and forwarded to VLAN traffic.
Q5) What is a VLAN channel?
A physical VLAN is a network connection that carries traffic over multiple VLANs. Supports VLAN tagging to distinguish VLANs on the same link.
Q6) What is the difference between VLAN and subnet?
VLAN is a group of network devices and subnet is a group of network devices. Logically group devices by IP address. A VLAN can span multiple subnets, and a subnet can span multiple VLANs.
VLAN Trunking Protocol (VTP)
Q1) What is VTP?
VTP (VLAN Trunking Protocol) is a Cisco proprietary protocol used to manage the addition, removal, and renaming of VLANs on a network connection.
Q2) How does VTP simplify VLAN management?
VTP simplifies VLAN management by allowing VLAN configuration to be changed from one switch and propagated to all switches in the same VTP domain.
Q3) What is VTP mode? How are they different?
VTP types include server, client , and transparent.
Server mode allows the switch to create, modify , and delete VLANs and share this information with other switches.
Transparent mode allows the switch to forward VTP messages without participating in VLAN changes.
Q4) What is the VTP pruning feature?
VTP pruning restricts broadcast, multicast, and unknown traffic in VLANs from propagating across physical links by only traversing active ports in those VLANs.
Q5) How does VTP prevent VLAN mismatch?
VTP prevents VLAN conflicts by ensuring that switches in the same VTP domain have the same VLAN configuration, including VLAN IDs and names.
EtherChannel
Q1) What is EtherChannel?
EtherChannel is a technology that allows multiple physical Ethernet networks to come together to form a communication channel, thus increasing bandwidth and providing redundancy.
Q2) How does EtherChannel increase bandwidth and reliability?
EtherChannel increases bandwidth by aggregating the bandwidth of multiple physical connections. It provides reliability by allowing traffic to flow through the next link in the packet if one link fails.
Q3) What is the EtherChannel type?
EtherChannel modes include Open, Active, Request , and Passive.
mode forces the interface to be on the EtherChannel without handshaking.
mode enables communication, but the interface will create an EtherChannel only when an adjacent connection is configured or required.
The types of requirements for creating an EtherChannel are often discussed with each other.
Passive mode waits for neighbors to communicate to actively communicate on the EtherChannel.
Q4) How does EtherChannel load balancing work?
EtherChannel Load Balancing distributes traffic among network members based on various criteria such as destination or MAC address, IP address or TCP/UDP port number.
Q5) What are the advantages of using EtherChannel in a connection?
Using EthernetChannel in a single connection improves network performance and reliability by increasing bandwidth and providing redundancy.
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Spanning Tree Protocol (STP)
Q1) What is STP?
STP (Spanning Tree Protocol) is a network protocol that prevents loops in network topologies by creating unlimited paths.
Q2) How does STP prevent loops in the network?
STP avoids loopholes by selecting a single root bridge and cuts path duplication, ensuring there is only one path between two network devices.
Q3) What are STP events?
STP states include blocking, listening, learning, transmitting and disabling.
Block: Not involved in port forwarding.
Listening: The port listens for BPDUs to determine the operation of the topology.
Learning: The port populates the MAC address table but does not send the frame.
Next: Port forwarding framework.
Disabled: The port has been closed by the administration.
Q4) What is the purpose of a Bridge Data Packet (BPDU)?
BPDU (Bridge Protocol Data Unit) is an exchange of data between switches running STP and is used to detect and protect circuits in the network.
Q5)What is Fast Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP) and how is it different from STP?
RSTP (Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol) is an enhancement to STP that provides faster integration after migration. RSTP enables faster integration by reducing states and introducing new processes such as consensus/approval processes.
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Author:-
Gandhar Bodas
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