Python Closures and Decorators With Example

In this paragraph, we will discuss in detail Python Closures and Decorators With Example. They are two advanced concepts in Python that can be used to improve the functionality and readability of your code. However, In this article, it is clearly explained what are Python Closures and Decorators With Example. How they work, as well as how you can use them in your Python code.

The canonical, “Python is a great first language”, 

elicited, “Python is a great last language!”

 

Python Closures

Let us understand in brief about the concept behind the most important Python Closures.
Python functions are first-class objects, and have the following behaviors i.e.:

• can be passed as an argument
• can be assigned to the name
• can be returned as the value

A closure is a nested function having access to variables from an enclosing function. After that enclosing function has completed execution. therefore, Python closures are characterized by the following: 

• it is a nested function defined inside another enclosing function.
• it has access to variables from the enclosing scope.
• it is returned as an argument from the enclosing function.

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Creating a power maker function using Python closures and Decorators With Example

The closure is preferable to the needless use of class and making objects.

Refer to this simple for example, as follows:

All function objects have a ‘__closure__’ attribute that returns a tuple of cell objects if it is a closure function as shown above.  In the above example, not only square_maker but also cube_maker are closure functions with __closure__ attribute. Are you interested in mastering Python programming?  also Do visit our Python Classes in Pune for more details

Why Use Closures?

1. To prevent the unnecessary use of classes
2. To implement a form of data hiding
3. Avoid using the global scope
4. To access function variables even after execution
5. To standardize frequently consumed functionality

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Python Decorators

The decorator is a design pattern that allows you to modify the behavior of a function. Finally, A decorator is most important a function that takes in a function and returns an augmented copy of that function. It is also called meta-programming. As a result, a function tries to extend another function by adding functionality at compile-time. The decorator function can be used to wrap another function in order to extend the behavior of the wrapped function, without permanently modifying the wrapped function.

Refer to this simple for example, as follows:

Python follows the special syntax of @decorator called “pie syntax” as follows:

Let’s see an interesting for example of a timing decorator, as follows:

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in Summary of Python Closures and Decorators

Decorator is a function returning a wrapper function, that uses *args and **kwargs to pass on arguments to the decorated function. Therefore the decorator also takes arguments. Therefore in summary we need to nest the wrapper function inside another function so that just call the expected function directly by passing *args and **kwargs.

About decorators…

• They can be reused.
• Used with multiple arguments
• They can decorate functions with arguments and return values.

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